SEC501F19 Solar Energy Engineering and Commercialization, I Session 07 Storage for PV Systems Batteries Part 2 September 30, 2019 Session 07 content PV System Storage Components
Batteries o o Construction, types Operation, reliability, failure mechanisms 2
PV Systems - Batteries 3 PV Systems - Batteries 4 PV Systems - Batteries
Heat Spring, S+S short course 5 PV Systems - Batteries Step 3: Battery Selection In summary
6 PV Systems - Batteries The discharging process At the anode (oxidation, loss of electrons) o PbSO + 5H 0 PbO2 + 3H3O+ + HSO4- + 2e4 2
At the cathode (reduction, gain of electrons) o PbSO + H O+ + 2ePb + H2O + HSO44 3 Discharging is spontaneous 7 PV Systems - Batteries The overall redox process:
PbSO4 + 5H20 = PbO2 + 3H3O+ + HSO4- + 2e- + PbSO4 + H3O+ + 2e- = Pb + H2O + HSO4or 2PbSO4 + 5H20 + H3O+ + 2e- = PbO2 + 3H3O+ + HSO4- + 2e- + Pb + H2O + HSO4or 2PbSO4 + 2H20 = Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 8
PV Systems - Batteries Lead-Acid Battery During the charging process, especially with excess overvoltage, or after the charging is complete, electrolysis of the H2O can take place producing H2 gas! Lead-acid batteries eventually lose the ability to hold a charge, generally due to sulfation, the crystallization of PbSO4. At the start of the battery life, the lead sulfate is an amorphous film, easily dissolved,
reverting to lead and lead oxide. But crystalline PbSO 4 is stable, doesnt dissolve during recharging. It reduces available Pb and can crack the electrodes. Sulfation can be minimized with careful attention to both the charging and discharging procedures. 9 PV Systems - Batteries Lead-Acid Battery Lead acid batteries are less prone to electrolysis and sulfation if the charging
protocol does not employ a constant rate. The optimized charging profile looks like this: This current profile is produced by a charge controller 10
Messenger and Abtahi PV Systems - Batteries Lead Acid Battery Lead acid batteries had to be redesigned for PV system applications. They have been used in the automotive world for decades, and were designed with thin lead plates with high surface area to produce high surge currents for the starter motor. The high currents actually help reduce sulfation, but the thin plates disintegrate with repeated deep charge and recharge cycles.
Lead-acid batteries used in PV systems will generally go through deep cycles, so much thicker lead plates are employed. This reduces the peak currents but also enhances the durability. 11 PV Systems - Batteries Lead Acid Battery
12 PV Systems - Batteries Types of lead-acid batteries Flooded Gel Absorption Glass Mat (AGM) 13
PV Systems - Batteries Lead Acid AGM Battery C.S.Solanki, Solar Photovoltaic Technology and Systems 14 PV Systems - Batteries
Other batteries for PV system applications Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Lithium Ion Lithium Ion Polymer Flow Batteries 15 PV Systems - Batteries
Li-Ion Battery Operation Li-ion batteries store electrical energy in electrodes
made of lithium-intercalation (or insertion) compounds On charging, Li+ ions are deintercalated from the layered LiCoO2 cathode, transferred across the electrolyte, and intercalated among the graphite layers in the anode. On discharging, these processes are reversed, with electrons flowing through the external circuit 16
PV Systems - Batteries Li-Ion Battery X.Yuan et al., Lithium-Ion Batteries 17 PV Systems - Batteries
18 PV Systems - Batteries 19 PV Systems - Batteries Li-Ion Battery
20 PV Systems - Batteries Li-Ion Battery Components
LiCoO2 or LiFePO4 or LiMnBO3 (cathode) Graphite or TiO2 or Bi (anode) Liquid containing a Li salt (LiPF6) (electrolyte) Polymeric membrane or fabric mat (separator) Discharge reactions
Anode (oxidation): LixC6 xLi+ + xe- + C6 Cathode (reduction): Li1-xCoO2 + xLi+ + xe- LiCoO2 Redox: LiC6 + CoO2 = C6 + LiCoO2 21 PV Systems - Batteries
22 PV Systems - Batteries Flow Battery Rechargeability is provided by two chemical components dissolved in Liquids contained within the system and most commonly separated by a membrane.
One of the biggest advantages is the ability to be almost instantly recharged by replacing the electrolyte liquid, while simultaneously recovering the spent material for re-energization (like refilling a fuel tank) 23 PV Systems - Batteries
24 PV Systems - Batteries C-Rate If a load is connected to a fully charged battery which causes the battery to discharge in N hours, the discharge rate is defined as: C/N The charging rate is defined in the same fashion
High discharge rates result in less charge being available for a load High charge rates, a small fraction is used for charging and a larger fraction is dissipated as heat in the battery 25 PV Systems - Batteries C-Rate
M&A, Ch3 26 PV Systems - Batteries C-Rate M&A, Ch3 27
PV Systems - Batteries C-Rate 28 PV Systems - Batteries Performance (Degree of Discharge) C.S.Solanki, Solar Photovoltaic Technology and Systems
29 PV Systems - Batteries 30 References for Batteries 1. R.Messenger and A.Abtahi, Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, 4th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2017
2. J.Jung, L.Zhang, J.Zhang, Lead-Acid Battery Technologies, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2016 3. X.Yuan, H.Liu, J.Zhang, Lithium-Ion Batteries, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2012 4. C.S.Solanki, Solar Photovoltaic Technology and Systems, PHI Publishing, Bombay, India, 2015
